Sunday, January 26, 2020
Cytoplasmic Streaming in Cells | Experiment
Cytoplasmic Streaming in Cells | Experiment Cytoplasmic streaming is the cells transport system which moves a cells content around as required . This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the fluid which fills the space between organelles and contains cell solutes. Movement in the cytoplasm is thought to be facilitated by actin-myosin motors (Britannica, 2012). These are molecules made up of the two proteins actin and myosin which interact to move solutes and even organelles around the cell. Long actin filaments line the cell and myosin molecules run along these filaments via active transport and attach to organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes) and mitochondria, transporting them around the cell along with the surrounding solutes in the cytoplasm (Kachar and Reece, 1988). The actin filaments run parallel to the direction of streaming in the cell. Nitella is a genus consisting of various species of freshwater pond alga. These algae are weed like in appearance and have large rectangular cells observable by the naked eye. Each cell begins and ends at a node. Nitella species are thought to rely heavily on the actin-myosin protein motors to facilitate cytoplasmic streaming (Palevitz et al, 1974). Cytochalasin are class of drugs derived from fungi (Turner, 1971). These drugs interfere with the interaction between actin and myosin by binding to the actin filaments that line the cell and reducing the capacity for the myosin molecules to bind (BIOL1004 Lab Manual, 2012). This then is thought to affect the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in the cell. This report will analyse the affect of two different types of Cytochalasin drugs (C and D) which are similar in structure but differ in the strength of the bonds they form with the actin filaments. Aim To observe cytoplasmic streaming in cells under the microscope and compare the effects of cytochalasin C and D on the speed of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells via statistical analysis. Methods and Materials The method and materials used in this experiment is outlined in the: BIOL1004: Molecular and Cell Biology à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Practical Manual (2012) on pp. 54-55 written by the Research School of Biology for the Australian National University. The following deviations from the aforementioned method are noted: The width of each cell was measured for comparison rather than the length as the cells were far too long to fit within the microscope field of view. Results and Statistical Analysis 500 The average width of the cells was calculated at 183.9um. The table above summaries the important statistics calculated from the experimental data. Each data set appears to be comparative to each other, however it is noted that cells 1.2, 3.2 and 4.2 have higher than average variances which indicates a possible deviation from normal distribution. Figure 1 presents graphically the speed of streaming against the width of the cell. The linear trend line indicates a slight negative relationship between cell size and streaming speed. Table 2 summarises the important statistics of each of the test groups. High variance values for the test groups other than the control group indicate a deviation from normal distribution, however the numbers are similar and thus the data sets are comparable. The results indicate that upon addition of both cytochalasin drugs the rate of cytoplasmic streaming fell from that observed in the control test. The recovery test taken after flushing the Cytochalasin from the slide with pond water indicates the rate is increasing, but has not quite reached the rate as observed in the control test. Table 3 summarises the values calculated for a number of t tests performed to assist in analysis of the data. From this it can be concluded that we can have no less than 98% confidence that the rate of steaming with the addition of both cytochalasin drugs is significantly different from the normal or control streaming rate. These t tests also give an indication that the size of the cell influences the rate of streaming as the difference in speed between cells 3.2 and 4.2 which have the same recorded width has been determined not to be significant, while the difference in speed between the biggest and smallest cells is significant. However, these results are not consistent when comparing different data sets both of similar widths and of different widths. Discussion As summarised in the results the change in the rate or speed of cytoplasmic streaming in the Nitella cells upon the addition of the drugs Cytochalasin C and D was significantly different to that of the control rate, with 98% and 99.9% confidence respectively. This is as expected. However as noted in Table 2 this change in speed was observed as a deceleration on the addition of both drugs. A deceleration of cytoplasmic streaming is expected with the addition of cytochalasin D, which is a well documented actin inhibitor. The drug binds to the actin filaments and changing the secondary structure and inhibiting the actin-myosin interactions (Binder and Tamm, 2003). However, even though cytochalasin C has a similar shape, it does not bind to actin as tightly as cytochalasin D (BIOL1004: Lab Manual, 2012) and does not have the same affect on actin-myosin communication. A study in the Plant Cell Physiology journal documented that cytochalasin C had no real affect on the rate of cytoplasmic streaming even at very high concentrations (Foissner and Wasteneys, 2007). Thus the deceleration with the addition of cytochalasin C, as change that has been confirmed as significant via statistical analysis is not the expected result. It is possible that the deceleration of cytoplasmic streaming in this case could be due to the differing salt concentrations between the pond water and the cytochalasin C in solution. As Nitella is normally found in freshwater that is hypotonic, the replacement of the normal pond water on the slide with the drug in a hypertonic solution (with respect to the pond water) may have inadvertently caused the cells to change their osmolarity to compensate (Ladgies et al, 2010). A study has shown that transcellular osmosis in Nitella species can cause inhibition of cytoplasmic streaming (Tazawa et al, 1993). Further support for this explanation comes from the increase in streaming rate on recovery from treatment with the drug, where the hypertonic solution wa s flushed away and replaced with isotonic pond water (with respect to the cells). It should be noted that the statistics show there is 90% confidence that the difference between the rate of streaming with the addition of each drug respectively was significant, thus it follows that the cytochalasin D was a much stronger inhibitor to the rate of streaming than that which caused the deceleration in the cytochalasin C test. The relationship between width of the cell and rate of streaming is not quite clear. Figure 1 appears to indicate that there is a negative relationship between the two, thus as cell width increases the rate of streaming would decrease. However, the statistics provided by the t tests were inconclusive as to whether the differences between streaming rate for various sized cells were significant or not. If it were true that large size indicated a slower rate of streaming, then it should follow that all t tests between data sets of cells with similar widths would indicate a non-significant difference, however only one of the three tests yields this result. Similarly, the t tests between the data sets of different sized cells should indicate a significant difference; yet again only one out of the three tests yields this result. Further analysis with a larger data set could be required to confirm the trend observed in figure 1. Therefore this experiment has demonstrated the decelerating effect of cytochalasin D on the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells due to its inhibition of the actin-myosin motor and has indicated a possible link between changing osmolarity and relative rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Common Sickness Experience by Seafarers
Introduction Seafarers both work and live in the same place for varying lengths of time, at times away from their usual place of residence. Seafarers’ stays being restricted more or less to port towns or cities, they are therefore, at the risk of contracting infectious sickness at ports of call in different countries. It can be argued out that, with â€Å"turn around†times at ports of call being short at present, the risk should be considered less; however, this is not the situation as demonstrated by some studies conducted in the recent past.It may be that other factors such as recruiting seafarers from countries where certain infectious diseases are endemic without conducting a proper pre-recruitment medical examination, sexual behavior on board, intra-venous drug abuse on board, living in close proximity to infected carriers, use of unhygienic food and water obtained at ports of call for consumption on board can still, cause infectious diseases among international s eafarers. The effort of reducing and combating the rapid global spread of infectious diseases is no simple task.The causes are multifaceted and thought to be identified before seeking their control. Most infectious diseases are preventable but their a etiology oftentimes lies outside the control of the health sector. Most of all, seafarers encountered this sickness because when they get to the other country some crew member cannot resist the weather of one country, most areas of the world costing substantial proportion of sicknesses Against this backdrop it is without doubt that global spread of infectious diseases had exacerbated and persists as a challenge to the seafarers health and also to national health economies. 1In present day, seafarers where aware some diseases like Hepa, this diseases is danger in health of all human, hepa might came from dirty food or something. Not also from seafarers this is also for all people we should be aware dangerous diseases. Seafarers can cost sickness due to their emotions, they miss their families or even other they are lack of eating from time to time, and it has been happen the given outline above like injuries, poisons, diseases. crew members must have skills to avoid sickness of their daily lives to prevent good health in a right situations.2 Chapter II Discussion of Findings I. Common forms of sickness . Injuries – is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind or emotions as opposed to an injury to property. a. Eye injuries – cost an flicking sand, flying pieces of wood and glasses. b. Head injuries – is also the common sickness of seafarers like they smell a bad chemical on board ship or some they smell a chemical that is bad to their daily activities. c. Bone, joint and muscle injuries – it is the result of high force impact or stress while joint injury if more often caused by a sudden impact to the joint, the ligaments always became damaged as a result of a dislocation. http://en. wiki/ Personal Injuries y:James Gillay 2. Disease – is an abnormal condition that affect the body of an organism. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specifics symptoms and signs. d. Skin disease – are common for people of all ages whether you suffer with a rash, itchy skin, fungus or infection, skin bumps or skin tags. e. Infection disease – an organisms that are capable of causing disease are called pathogens. A pathogen attacks the body infection occurs whether the infection becomes a disease.But the pathogens get past the defenses infection spreads and causes an infection disease most can be passed from individual. World health organisms International Medical Guide, WHO 2007) 3. Poisoning – are substances that cause disturbance to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organisms. f. Toxic – Toxic is the degree to which a substance ca n damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large. â€Å"Toxicity Endpoints & Tests†. AltTox. org. Retrieved 25 February 2012. g. Venom – Venom is the general term referring to any variety of toxins[1] used by certain types of animals that inject it into their victims by the means of a bite, sting or other sharp body feature. [2] Unlike poison, which is ingested or inhaled, venom is usually delivered directly into the lymphatic system, where it acts faster.Graystock, Peter; Hughes, William O. H. (2011). h. Poison to gases – are used in industry as chemical reagents. The chemical reactions they can be used for are more important than their toxicity. Today, chemists try to avoid the use of poisonous gases, but it is often not possible. Examples of large-volume industrial poisonous gases are hydrogen sulfide, cracked from oil, chlorine, in diverse chemical uses and to disinfect drinking. 4 i. Food Poisoning –You may sometimes become very ill with the food poisoning problems after you eat the food.Graystock, Peter; Hughes, William O. H. (2011). II. Causes of Illness j. Accident – An accident or mishap is an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance, often with lack of intention or necessity. It usually implies a generally negative outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence002E International Labour Organization (ILO) k. Bacteria- constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging fro m spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most habitats on the planet, growing in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,[2] and deep in the Earth's crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches.On February 6, 2013, scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica. Gorman, James (6 February 2013). 5 l. Virus – is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living calls of an organism, iruses can infect all type of organisms from animals, plants to bacteria and archea. Mary, Brouson M. 1994 m. Chemical Exposure – can result in varying symptoms with different degress of danger mild reactions including buring and tearing of the eyes. WHO press, 2007 III.Reme diations n. First Aid – is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness usually effected by a lay person, and performed within a limited skill range. First Aid is normally performed until the injury of illness is satisfactorily dealt with a paramedic or doctors. Insel, Paul M. and Roth, Walton T. mayfield company. 1998 o. Herbal Cure – is the study and use of medicinal properties of plants. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.Pharmacognosy is the study of all medicines that are derived from natural sources. Lichterman, B. L (2004) 6 p. Protection – The protection of sources, sometimes also referred to as the confidentiality of sources or in the U. S. as the reporter's privilege, is a right accorded to journalists under the laws of many countries, as well as under international law. Simply put, it means that the authorities, including t he courts, cannot compel a journalist to reveal the identity of an anonymous source for a story.The right is based on a recognition that without a strong guarantee of anonymity, many people would be deterred from coming forward and sharing information of public interests with journalists. As a result, problems such as corruption or crime might go undetected and unchallenged, to the ultimate detriment of society as a whole. In spite of any such legal protections, the pervasive use of traceable electronic communications by journalists and their sources provides governments with a tool to determine the origin of information. 1] In the United States, the federal government legally contends that no such protection exists for journalists. Liptak, Adam (February 11, 2012). q. Medical assistance – is a non-licensed allied health occupation who reform administrative and clinical tasks to support the work of physicians and other health professionals. They preformed tasks procedures suc h as measuring patients vital signs, administering medications and injections, recording information in medical records keeping systems. Ventura, Florencio T. Medical First Aid
Friday, January 10, 2020
Jeremy Bentham Biography Essay
â€Å"Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher†that â€Å"is primarily known†for his philosophical contribution, the ethical theory of utilitarianism (Sweet). Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that brings about the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people (DeGeorge 44). Specifically, Bentham was a hedonistic utilitarian arguing that â€Å"what ultimately motivates us is pleasure and pain†(Sweet). Bentham over the course of his life gave a lot to the field, whose influence is still seen today. Jeremy Bentham was born into a line of attorneys on February 15, 1748, in the town of Houndsditch, London (Sweet). Bentham studied so intensely, â€Å"often eight to twelve hours a day†, that when he reached the age of sixteen he had already graduated from Queen’s College at Oxford and was continuing in his father’s and grandfather’s footsteps to becoming an attorney by studying law at Lincoln’s Inn (Sweet). Although Bentham was qualified, he never practiced law, but instead chose to write on the philosophy of law and focused on â€Å"critiquing the existing law†and was a strong advocate for legal reform (Sweet). In 1785, Bentham along with his brother worked on a project called ‘Panopticon’, that he hoped would garner the attention of the Czarina Catherine the Great (Sweet). Unfortunately, the project, which Bentham hoped would be â€Å"a model prison where all of the prisoners would be observable by (unseen) guards at all times†, was not a great success (Sweet). Even though Bentham was not largely appreciated, he was still able to continue his writings and work with the financial stability afforded to him from an inheritance. Bentham’s most notable writing seems to be, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Three of the biggest principals that run throughout the book, as well as most of Bentham’s works are: â€Å"the greatest happiness principle, universal egoism, and the artificial identification of one’s interests with those of others†(Sweet). Bentham’s fundamental principle, the greatest happiness principle, says that human beings motivated by pleasure and deterred by pain is what determines the degree of happiness, which Bentham also calls â€Å"the principle of utility†(Sweet). This principle adds a level of objectivity to a very subjective discipline, allowing it to be clearer, more observable, and measurable (Sweet). Bentham also had strong views on the concept of natural rights. According to Bentham, rights or a lack thereof are formed through the law or â€Å"within a legal system where the law is silent†and therefore â€Å"the term ‘natural right’ is a ‘perversion of language†(Sweet). Jeremy Bentham has made a large contribution to the field of ethics through his lifelong dedication to his theory and principles. Bentham coming from a back ground of law was able to quantify ethics in a way that others did not do, allowing it take into consideration the greatest number of people. Works Cited De George, Richard T. Business Ethics. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Sweet, William. â€Å"Jeremy Bentham (1748â€â€1832).†Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 11 Apr. 2001. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. .
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Intern Report - 4810 Words
MAKERERE UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON FIELD ATTACHMENT CARRIED OUT MBALE MUNICIPAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL (JULY-JUNE, 2015) BY KATEME JOSEPHINE REG: 14/U/1390 BPSM II BY Proff. MOYA MUSA (ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR) A PRELIMINARY FIELD ATTACHMENT REPORT SUBMITTED TO FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE IN PROCUREMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER, 2015 1 DECLARATION I Kateme Josephine declare that this is my original work and has never been submitted to any institution for any kind of award. Signed: date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ KATEME JOSEPHINE (14/U/1390) i APPROVAL I certify that†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††7 1.2.12 Procurement Department Structure †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††8 SECTION TWO ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††9 ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN DURING FIELD ATTACHMENT †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††9 2.0 Introduction ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††9 2.1 Activities Undertaken ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††9 SECTION THREE ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††11 LESSONS, EXERIENCES AND SKILLS ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††11 3.0 Introduction †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††11 iv 3.1 Lessons learnt ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††11 3.2 Experiences †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††14 3.3 Skills gained ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††15 CHAPTER FOURShow MoreRelatedInternship Report On The Intern2756 Words  | 12 PagesFinal report Internship 1. 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